关于《广州市殡葬管理实施办法》的补充通知
作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-23 02:18:00 浏览:9792
来源:法律资料网
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关于《广州市殡葬管理实施办法》的补充通知
关于《广州市殡葬管理实施办法》的补充通知
广州市政府
各区、县人民政府，番禺市人民政府，市府直属各单位：
市人民政府《印发〈广州市殡葬管理实施办法〉的通知》（穗府〔1991〕96号）发出后，据市民族事务委员会反映，信奉伊斯兰教的少数民族同胞死亡后，没有照顾到少数民族殡葬风俗习惯，因而引起一些矛盾。为尊重少数民族的风俗习惯，充分体现党的民族政策。为此，经研
究决定，将《广州市殡葬管理实施办法》中的第十三条作如下补充：
信奉伊斯兰教的少数民族同胞在医院死亡，其亲属要求按照少数民族风俗习惯土葬的，在市民族事务委员会出具证明后，可由亲属或伊斯兰教协会殡葬人员直接从医院领回尸体；在家中死亡的，按规定先向有关部门领取死亡证后，经市民族事务委员会出具证明，再由市伊斯兰教协会殡
葬人员收运处理。本补充通知与《广州市殡葬管理实施办法》一并施行。
广州市人民政府
一九九二年六月八日
1992年6月8日
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也论住宅小区停车位的权利归属
——以修订物权法和完善配套制度为视角
【论文提要】住宅小区的停车位问题，是目前我国物业管理中最具争议的问题之一，“车位之争”在房地产开发商、小区业主和物业管理公司之间愈演愈烈，由于现行法律规范的缺失和不甚明确，导致了各地法院的判决也是五花八门。随着住房商品化的进一步深入和有车一族的不断涌现,“车位之争”，必将导致更大范围的矛盾对立， 住宅小区停车位的所有权归属是各种纷争和矛盾的核心所在。住宅小区停车位所有权归属不明，将令房地产开发商和置业者的合法利益处于不确定的状态，严重地损害了当事人的合法权益，妨碍着房地产市场的健康地发展，给社会经济生活和公共管理带来诸多的难题。所以建立完善的法律制度对此问题加以明确规定是当务之急也是必要的。本文试图从物权法理论出发，以修订物权法和完善配套制度为视角提出粗浅意见。论文分为四部分：第一部分关于小区停车位的法律性质分析。确定住宅小区停车位的含义和性质是讨论其归属的前提。第二部分论述我国目前住宅小区停车位的权属争议与《物权法》的缺陷。第三部分就修订物权法和完善配套制度，界定住宅小区停车位的权利归属提出自己的见解，以期能对以后的司法解释和相关规定的完善有所裨益。第四部分结语。
【关键词】停车位；集合形式；权属争议；物权诉讼；“私法自治”原则；“法定停车位”概念
一、 住宅小区停车位的法律性质分析
（一）住宅小区停车位的含义
住宅小区也称“居住小区”，是由城市道路以及自然支线(如河流)划分，并不为交通干道所穿越的完整居住地段。住宅小区一般设置一整套可满足居民生活需要的基层专业服务设施和管理机构，如供电房、绿地、健身设施、物业管理用房、数字监控系统以及停车位等。
停车位是指各种停车场所中可供一辆汽车停放的单元。和停车位相关的概念还有停车库、停车场。停车场是指在露天或者地下设置的，供各种机动车和非机动车停放的场所。停车库，一般是指设置于建筑物内部的具有封闭特征的设施。停车库与停车位不同的是:一方面，车库具有四至的封闭空间，其本身就是建筑物或建筑物的一部分，具有建筑物的一般特点;另一方面，停车位是基于一定的土地使用权而设置于路边、空地或地下，而停车库不是利用土地使用权的地表兴建的。因此，本文所讨论的停车位的归属，仅仅限于建筑物区分所有权制度中的车位。
停车位是服务全体建筑区分所有权人的重要设施，建筑物的专有部分离开了它功能就会大打折扣。在现代房产买卖中，小区是否有停车位和拥有停车位的多少已经成为衡量房地产价值的重要因素，小区的停车位配套越齐全、越合理，房产的市场吸引力就越大，价格就越高。小区停车位与建筑物区分所有权是密不可分的，车位是整个小区的有机组成部分，是建筑物区分所有制度中的重要财产，因而讨论其权属非常必要。
讨论停车位，必然要涉及停车场问题。停车位与停车场存在这样一种关系:停车位是组成停车场之最基本元素，各种形态各异的停车场所是由数量或多或少的停车位组成。也就是说，“停车位是各种停车场所的基本单元，而各种停车场所则是停车位的集合形式”[1]。现实生活中，存在很多类型的停车场所，而随着社会的发展，还会出现更多类型的停车场所。如果我们单纯地讨论某一种停车场所的法律问题，都可能存在偏颇。然而，只要把停车位的性质搞清楚，各种停车场所的法律问题也就迎刃而解，这就是本文从停车位角度而没有从各种具体的停车场所的角度作为研究出发点的原因。
（二）各国对停车位性质的不同认定
日本将停车场区分为屋内停车场和屋外停车厂, 认为屋外停车场属于共有基地上为特定区分所有权人或第三者设定的利用权, 此利用权属于共用部分的专有使用权;但是对于屋内停车场, 最初法院判决有认定专有部分, 有认定为共用部分, 但最高法院判决最终维持了专有部分意见, 其理由为: 停车场满足专有部分的两个要件, 即构造上的独立性与利用上的独立性。而日本学界认为, 由于建筑物一层或地下部分之容积率是不记入建筑物总面积的, 最高法院将地下停车位认定为专有部分的理由是不充分的, 故建议应当通过共用部分的专有使用权来进行处理。
美国的区分所有物业产权法规定, 小区内的任何设施, 只要不是专有部分, 就是共有部分, 反之亦然。小区内决不允许既不属于专有部分又不属于共有部分的“飞地”存在, 除了小区房屋单元的业主以外, 不允许任何他人在小区内拥有任何共用设施和配套设施。所以美国小区内的停车位都为共用部分, 业主或居住者享有停车权利, 不允许小区业主以外的任何他人拥有小区内停车位的产权, 也不允许物业小区内的停车位作为独立的专有部分单独买卖。
在大陆法系传统国家德国, 其民法典对停车位问题并没作出规定, 而是于 1973 年修订 《住宅所有权法》 时得到了明确, 该法的第 3 条第 2 项规定 “以持久性界标标明范围之停车场, 视为有独立性之房间” 。也就是说地上、 地下的停车场都可设 “专有所有权” 并能够独自让与、 设定负担。同样, 在另一个传统大陆法国家法国, 在其 1950 年的《都市计划法》 当中也规定了 “居住区域与停车区域得为分别的不动产” , 亦即将停车位视为建筑物区分所有当中的专有部分开, 开发商有义务为每个住户设计一停车空间,但停车场为独立不动产, 业主可以购买, 也可以不购买; 在有空闲时出售公司可以卖于外人。而在我国的台湾地区, 1991 年 4 月台湾 ‘内政部’ 营建署命令 “日后建筑物在地下室依法附建的防空避难室兼停车空间, 应视为 ‘公共设施’ , 不准登记为个人私有, 也不准分割零售”。该规定将停车位视作公共设施, 并依附于专有部分。
由此可见, 世界各国和地区对停车位问题看法不一,总体上均认为开发商负有向业主或物业使用人提供停车位的义务, 至于业主以何种方式取得这种停车位则有不同的安排。
（三）我国台湾地区停车位性质
在我国台湾地区，停车位数量根据建筑物楼层总面积按比例配置。台湾地区《建筑法》第102条规定，建筑物须有法定停车空间，具体由“辖市”、“县(市)”、“政府”拟定，再报请“内政部”核定。根据规定，建筑物停车位分为法定停车位、自行增设停车位及奖励增设停车位三种。其中，法定停车位是满足区分所有权人公共需要之必需设施，性质为区分所有建筑物的共用部分，依附于专有部分一体处分；第二种是自行增设停车位，指开发商超出法定义务额外增建的停车位，这类车位可设定为专有部分，由开发商出售或转让；第三种奖励停车位指因法定事由得到政府奖励容积而增建的停车位，此类停车位因单独计算容积而独立于建筑物，由开发商自行处分及收益，但在使用上必须为公众服务。
（四）我国住宅小区停车位的性质
我国讨论停车位的权属问题，首先要确定的是，停车位是否是“物”、能否成为所有权的客体?传统民法理论中，物是指客观存在于人身之外，能满足权利主体的利益需要，并能为权利主体所能支配和利用的物质实体。小区停车位作为区分所有建筑物的配套设施是客观存在的;其设置目的就是为了方便业主泊车使用，即能为权利主体所能支配和利用;每一个停车位均有固定的界限和标明的范围，能够从一般观念将彼此以及他物区别开来，可以被人支配与控制。因此，停车位显然具备“物”的各项基本特征，具备了法律上“物”的基本属性。
停车位属于小区的组成部分，与小区的主体一区分所有建筑物的关系密不可分，然而这种关系究竟属于何种性质?是独立的物与物关系还是从属关系?这是研究停车位权属问题必然要讨论的。在停车位与区分所有建筑物之间的关系上，梁慧星教授认为车位一般属于从建筑物，而房屋为主建筑物。陈华彬教授认为车位为附属建筑物，对区分所有建筑物具有从属关系[2]，也得出了停车位与区分所有建筑物为主物从物关系的结论。据此结论，根据主物转移，从物随之转移的原则，作为从物的小区停车位的法律权利就依附于作为主物的区分所有建筑物。
依法处分小区停车位要考虑到它与所依附的区分所有建筑物的关系，但并不能因此就推导出二者属于主从物关系。根据传统民法理论，主物和从物都是独立之物，需要结合起来才能发挥物之效用，而作用有主要和次要之分时，才被区分为主物和从物。主物是指与其他物结合使用时发挥主要效用的物，从物则是在结合使用时发挥配合、辅助、保护主物作用的物。据此理论，住宅小区停车位作为方便业主生活的辅助物，其脱离区分所有建筑物并不会影响它效用之发挥，还能照样发挥其泊车的功能。因此，住宅小区停车位和建筑物并非主从关系。停车位是具有相对独立的物，应当可以进行独立交易。然而，停车位是作为建筑物的配套设施而规划设计的，是为建筑物区分所有权人服务的。无论是理论还是实务上，停车位的权利行使在区分所有权制度中还要受到众多相关权利的影响和制约，使其不能像一个纯粹的民法上的“物”那样受到自由处分，在对停车位做出处分时还必须要考虑到它与其依附的建筑物之间的关系。
二、住在小区停车位的权属争议与《物权法》的缺陷
（一）《物权法》颁布实施之后就我国目前小区停车位权属争议的现状
《物权法》第74条明确规定了车位、车库的归属，即建筑区划内，规划用于停放汽车的车位、车库由当事人通过出售、附赠或者出租等方式约定;占用业主共有的道路或者其他场地用于停放汽车的车位归业主共有，但占用城镇公共道路或规划用于停车的地面车位属于例外。但是《物权法》正式实施后，关于住宅小区停车位的纠纷并没有停息，事实上，由于《物权法》中对停车位的部分问题没有作出具体规定，导致一些新争议还在产生。
1、房地产开发商通过改变处置车位的方式来赚取高额利润
国务院办公厅
国务院办公厅转发国家经委、经贸部、国家商检局关于加强出口商品质量管理工作意见的通知(附英文)
国务院办公厅
国务院同意国家经委、经贸部、国家商检局《关于加强出口商品质量管理工作的意见》，现转发给你们，请结合实际情况，认真贯彻执行。
加强出口商品质量管理，是提高经济效益、增加出口创汇的关键。近年来，我国部分出口商品质量下降，不但造成经济损失，影响出口创汇，而且有损于国家信誉。各地区、各有关部门对此要给予高度重视，采取有力措施，尽快扭转这种状况，把出口商品质量搞上去。
关于加强出口商品质量管理工作的意见
一、清理和整顿出口商品的生产厂点
各地区、各部门要对所有生产出口商品的企业进行一次全面清理和整顿，择优定点。凡不具备质量保证的企业，不准生产出口商品。
重点清理、整顿出口商品质量管理较差、生产加工厂点过多、质量问题较多的行业。
二、加强出口商品生产企业的质量管理和检验工作
（一）在生产企业中，对出口商品的质量，厂长（经理）要全面负责。
（二）出口专业厂、出口生产基地和重要出口商品生产企业，可设总质量师。总质量师协助厂长全面负责产品质量的检验和管理工作，有权代表厂长停止不合格出口商品的生产和出厂。
（三）在重要出口商品生产企业，试行国家商检部门派驻质量监督员制度（简称驻厂员制度）。驻厂员代表国家对生产企业的出口商品质量和检验工作进行监督，有权对出口商品使用的原材料、零部件和成品进行检验、抽查或复验。驻厂员如发现出口商品不合格，有权停止出口商品出
厂，并可通知外贸经营单位不予收购。
（四）所有出口商品生产企业，都要推行全面质量管理，健全质量责任制，加强检验工作，制订严格的工艺规程和劳动纪律。尽快建立和完善出口商品生产企业的质量保证体系。
三、加强出口商品质量的监督和检验
（一）一切出口商品都必须经过检验。不合格的商品（包括包装不合格）不准出厂，外贸经营单位不得收购，商检部门不予出证放行。
（二）逐步充实商检部门的力量，完善出口商品检验手段。
（三）商检部门要会同有关主管部门加快对重要出口商品发放出口商品质量许可证的工作。凡是实行出口商品质量许可证的商品，未取得出口商品质量许可证的，经贸主管部门不能签发出口许可证。
（四）经贸主管部门要加强对外贸经营单位的监督、检查，督促外贸经营单位加强质量管理工作，健全验收制度，增强验收力量，切实做到择优安排出口生产，择优收购商品，坚持质量第一、以质取胜的经营方针。凡不具备外贸经营条件的单位，经贸主管部门有权取消其外贸经营资格
，并通知工商行政管理部门吊销其营业执照。严禁违反国家规定，通过非正常渠道或采取不正当手段出口商品。
四、要把提高出口商品质量，作为企业技术进步工作的重点
各地区、各部门要根据外贸出口的战略需要，以提高产品质量、增加创汇为重点，调整技术进步的投资结构和方向，将出口商品的重点生产企业、专业厂与生产基地的技术改造、科技攻关、技术引进、测试检验、扩大生产、降低消耗等各方面的措施衔接起来。大力改善出口商品仓储条
件，减少商品的污染和损坏。
五、明确出口商品的质量责任
为了保证出口商品的质量，各有关单位和部门都要有明确的责任和制度。出口商品因质量问题造成经济损失或产生不良影响时，必须分清生产加工企业、外贸经营单位、仓储运输单位、商检部门和其他有关部门的责任。凡属渎职、失职造成的质量事故，要追究责任者和有关领导者的责
任，并严肃处理。
六、进一步改善出口商品的包装
中国包装进出口总公司要会同中国包装总公司，进一步研究制订改进出口商品包装的方案、计划和措施。当前要解决好出口食品、饮料、烟叶、罐头、五金、机械、陶瓷、纺织品、服装、棉花和危险品的包装，协调落实包装生产厂点和原材料供应，健全包装质量标准，加强质量管理、
检验和监督工作。
七、加强出口商品的标准化工作，改善口岸的计量条件
（一）标准、商检和经贸部门要会同各主管部门，加快制定和修订出口商品标准及出口检验标准。
（二）运输主管部门要会同商检和计量部门共同研究提出改进口岸计量条件的方案，纳入运输主管部门和有关地区技术改造规划，三年内基本改善口岸计量条件。
八、加强出口商品商标和出口专利产品的管理
（一）对名牌出口商品商标的使用，经贸和工商行政管理部门要共同进行一次清理整顿，加强管理，保护名牌出口商品。
（二）未经上级主管机关批准或专利权人同意，生产企业和外贸经营单位不得生产和经营出口专利产品。
（三）对国内外假冒我国出口商品商标、仿制我出口专利产品和伪造我商检证书的侵权、违法行为，要坚决查处、及时起诉，维护企业和我国的合法权益。
上述意见，如无不妥，请批转各地区、各部门贯彻执行。(附英文)
CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON THE TRAN-SMISSION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS SUBMITTED BY THE STATE ECONOMIC COM-MISSION, THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THESTATE BUREAU OF IMPORT AND
EXPORT COMMODITIES INSPECTION CONCERNING THESTRENGTHENIN
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON THE TRAN-
SMISSION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS SUBMITTED BY THE STATE ECONOMIC COM-
MISSION, THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THE
STATE BUREAU OF IMPORT AND EXPORT COMMODITIES INSPECTION CONCERNING THE
STRENGTHENING OF QUALITY CONTROL OF EXPORT COMMODITIES
(April 29, 1987)
The State Council has accepted The Recommendations Concerning the
Strengthening of Quality Control of Export Commodities, submitted by the
State Economic Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade, and the State Bureau of Import and Export Commodities Inspection.
The Recommendations are hereby transmitted to you, and you are requested
to implement them conscientiously in light of the actual conditions in
your spheres of activities.
The strengthening of quality control of export commodities is the key to
increasing economic returns as well as foreign exchange earnings. In
recent years, the quality of some of our country's export commodities has
shown a decline, which has not only caused economic losses and affected
foreign exchange earnings by exports, but also marred the reputation of
our country. All the localities and departments concerned shall give the
amplest attention to this state of affairs, take effective measures to
remedy it quickly so as to upgrade the quality of our export commodities.
RECOMMENDATIONS SUBMITTED BY THE STATE ECONOMIC COMMISSION, THE MINISTRY
OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THE STATE BUREAU OF IMPORT
AND EXPORT COMMODITIES INSPECTION CONCERNING THE STRENGTHENING OF QUALITY
CONTROL OF EXPORT COMMODITIES
(Extracts)
In recent years, the quality of some of our country's export commodities
has shown a decline, which has not only caused economic losses and had an
unfavourable impact on the foreign exchange earnings by exports, but also
marred the reputation of our country. In order to rapidly remedy this
situation and to strengthen quality control of our export commodities, we
hereby submit, on the basis of the investigations and studies of the
aforesaid situation and the opinions solicited from all localities and
departments concerned, the following recommendations:
I. Checking up and Rectifying Factories to be Designated as Export
Commodities Manufacturers
All the localities and departments concerned must carry out an all-round
checking-up on, and rectification of, all the enterprises that are
manufacturing export commodities and then designate from among them the
most outstanding ones as manufacturers of commodities for export. Those
enterprises found to be lacking the conditions for guaranteeing the
quality of their products shall not be permitted to manufacture
commodities for export. The State Economic Commission, the Ministry of
Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, and the State Bureau of Import and
Export Commodities Inspection shall jointly be responsible for the
checking-up and rectification in conjunction with other competent organs
concerned. The checking-up and rectification shall be focused on those
industries whose quality control over export commodities is comparatively
poor, whose number of factories designated for producing and processing
export commodities is too large, and whose quality problems are numerous.
II. Strengthening the Quality Control and Inspection Work in Enterprises
Producing Export Commodities
(1) In production enterprises, the factory director (the manager) shall
take overall responsibility for quality of export commodities.
(2) In factories specially engaged in the production of export
commodities, the production bases of export commodities, and the
enterprises producing import and export commodities, the post of chief
quality controller may be set up. The chief quality controller shall
assist the factory director in taking the overall responsibility for
inspecting and controlling the quality of products, for implementing the
Regulations on the Responsibility for Quality Control of Industrial
Products, for organizing the formulation and implementation of the rules
for reward and penalty relating to the quality of products, and for making
the decision, on behalf of the factory director, to stop the production
and delivery out of the factory of sub-standard export commodities.
(3) In enterprises producing important export commodities, the system of
having a resident quality supervisor stationed in the enterprise and sent
by the State commodities inspection department (referred to, for short, as
"the resident supervisor system") shall be implemented on a trial basis.
The resident supervisor shall, in the name of the State, exercise
supervision over the quality and inspection of the production enterprise's
export commodities, and have the right to inspect, to spot check, or to
re-inspect the finished products, or the raw and processed materials, or
spare parts and components, used in manufacturing export commodities. In
case where the resident supervisor discovers that the export commodities
are not up to the standard, he/she has the right to stop the delivery out
of the factory of the export commodities, and may ask the foreign trade
corporations not to purchase the said export commodities. The production
enterprise shall provide the resident supervisor with working conditions,
the data of quality, and relevant technical documents for carrying out
quality inspection; and it shall also inspect, spot check, or re-inspect
its products, as required by the resident supervisor. The resident
supervisors shall be personnel of the State commodities inspection
departments, and their salaries, bonuses and welfare benefits shall all be
borne by the sending department so that no direct economic connections
shall exist between the resident supervisors and the production
enterprise.
(4) All the production enterprises manufacturing export commodities shall
implement an all-round quality control, strengthen and perfect the quality
responsibility system, strengthen inspection work, and work out strict
technological processes and labour discipline. The factory director shall
appoint a person who has technical know-how, experience and strong sense
of responsibility, as head of the inspection department, and this
appointment shall be reported to the authorities in charge of the
enterprise for the record. No department or individual within the
enterprise shall be permitted to interfere with the work conducted by the
inspection department, and its independence in performing its functions
shall be guaranteed. It is imperative to establish and perfect, as soon as
possible, the quality guarantee system in enterprises producing export
commodities.
III. Strengthening the Supervision and Inspection of the Quality of Export
Commodities
All export commodities must undergo the process of inspection. Commodities
that are not up to the standard (including those whose packaging is not up
to the standard) shall not be permitted to leave the factory; the foreign
trade corporations shall not be permitted to purchase such commodities;
and the commodities inspection department shall not issue export licence
and grant clearance.
The working contingent of the commodities inspection department shall be
reinforced gradually, and the means of inspection of export commodities be
perfected. The commodities inspection department shall, in conjunction
with the competent authorities concerned, speed up the work for issuing
quality licenses for important export commodities. With respect to those
commodities to which the system of quality licence for export commodities
applies, the competent authorities for foreign economic relations and
trade shall not issue for them export licences before they have obtained
quality licenses for export commodities.
The competent authorities for foreign economic relations and trade shall
strengthen their supervision over and inspection of foreign trade
corporations, and urge them to strengthen the work of quality control, to
improve examination-and-acceptance system, and reinforce the working
personnel for the system, to strive to do a good job in selecting
outstanding factories to manufacture commodities for export, to purchase
commodities from the factories that produce quality products, and to
adhere to the principle of "placing quality first, and winning over the
customers by offering them quality products". The competent authorities
for foreign economic relations and trade shall have the right to
disqualify those units which do not have the qualifications for doing
foreign trade business, and ask the administrative department for industry
and commerce to revoke their business licences. The exportation of
commodities through irregular channels or by using crooked means by
violation of the State provisions shall be strictly prohibited.
IV. Taking the Improvement of the Quality of Export Commodities as the
Focus of the Work of Technical Advancement
All the localities and departments shall, in accordance with the
requirements of the strategy of export and foreign trade, make adjustment
in the structure and the orientation of investment for technical
advancement, and link up the various measures adopted for technical
transformation, the tackling of difficult problems (in science and
technology), the importation of technology, testing and inspection, the
expansion of production, and the reduction in consumption of raw materials
and energy, at the key production enterprises, specialized factories, and
production bases for the manufacture of export commodities by taking the
improvement of the quality of products and the increases in foreign
exchange earnings as the focal point. Strenuous efforts shall be devoted
to the improvement of the warehousing and storage conditions for export
commodities, so as to reduce or eliminate the contamination of or damages
to export commodities.
V. Clearly Defining the Responsibility for the Quality of Export
Commodities
In order to guarantee the quality of export commodities, all units and
departments concerned must have both a clear-out definition of the job
responsibility and rules. If the poor quality of some export commodities
has resulted in economic losses or made a negative reflection on China's
reputation, it is imperative to check up on the responsibilities to be
borne by the production and processing enterprises, the foreign trade
corporations, the warehousing and storage units, the department for
commodities inspection, or other departments concerned. Cases of quality
problem caused by dereliction or neglect of one's duty shall be looked
into, and the person in charge as well as the leading personnel involved
shall be held responsible and be dealt with in all seriousness.
VI. Further Improving the Packing of Export Commodities
The China National Packing Import and Export Company shall, in cooperation
with the China National Packing Corporation, conduct further studies on,
and work out programs and measures for the improvement of the packing of
export commodities. Each year, efforts must be made to improve the packing
of certain categories of export commodities. At present, it is imperative
to improve the packing of foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco leaves, canned
foods, hardware, machinery, ceramics, textiles, garments, cotton, and
dangerous articles. The two companies shall coordinate the supply-and-
demand relationship between packing factories and packing material
suppliers, perfect the packing standards, and strengthen the work of
quality control, inspection and supervision.
VII. Strengthening the Standardization of Export Commodities, and
Improving the Conditions for Conducting Measurement at Ports
(1) The authorities of standardization of commodities inspection, and of
foreign economic relations and trade shall, in cooperation with various
competent organs, speed up the formulation and revision of the standards
for export commodities and inspection criteria.
(2) The competent authorities of transportation shall, in cooperation with
the authorities of commodities inspection and metrological authorities,
submit a plan to improve metrological conditions at ports and incorporate
it into the program for technological transformation of the competent
authorities of transportation and the interested localities so as to
improve basically the metrological conditions at ports within 3 years.
VIII. Strengthening the Administration of Trademarks of Export Commodities
and Patented Products
With respect to the use of trademarks for export commodities of famous
brands, the authorities of foreign economic relations and trade and the
administrative departments for industry and commerce shall jointly conduct
a checking-up and rectification campaign to strengthen the administration
and protect export commodities of famous brands. Without the approval of
the competent authorities at a higher level or without the consent of the
patentee, no production enterprises and foreign trade corporations may
produce patented products for export and engage in export of such
products. Cases occurring either at home or abroad of infringements or
illegal acts such as counterfeiting the trademarks of our export
commodities, imitating the patented commodities we export or forging our
export commodities inspection certificates shall be resolutely
investigated and dealt with, and the offenders shall even be prosecuted in
time so as to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of the enterprises
as well as of the State.
If no inappropriateness is found in the recommendations submitted above,
we request that they be approved and transmitted to all the localities and
departments for implementation.
1987年4月29日
——以修订物权法和完善配套制度为视角
【论文提要】住宅小区的停车位问题，是目前我国物业管理中最具争议的问题之一，“车位之争”在房地产开发商、小区业主和物业管理公司之间愈演愈烈，由于现行法律规范的缺失和不甚明确，导致了各地法院的判决也是五花八门。随着住房商品化的进一步深入和有车一族的不断涌现,“车位之争”，必将导致更大范围的矛盾对立， 住宅小区停车位的所有权归属是各种纷争和矛盾的核心所在。住宅小区停车位所有权归属不明，将令房地产开发商和置业者的合法利益处于不确定的状态，严重地损害了当事人的合法权益，妨碍着房地产市场的健康地发展，给社会经济生活和公共管理带来诸多的难题。所以建立完善的法律制度对此问题加以明确规定是当务之急也是必要的。本文试图从物权法理论出发，以修订物权法和完善配套制度为视角提出粗浅意见。论文分为四部分：第一部分关于小区停车位的法律性质分析。确定住宅小区停车位的含义和性质是讨论其归属的前提。第二部分论述我国目前住宅小区停车位的权属争议与《物权法》的缺陷。第三部分就修订物权法和完善配套制度，界定住宅小区停车位的权利归属提出自己的见解，以期能对以后的司法解释和相关规定的完善有所裨益。第四部分结语。
【关键词】停车位；集合形式；权属争议；物权诉讼；“私法自治”原则；“法定停车位”概念
一、 住宅小区停车位的法律性质分析
（一）住宅小区停车位的含义
住宅小区也称“居住小区”，是由城市道路以及自然支线(如河流)划分，并不为交通干道所穿越的完整居住地段。住宅小区一般设置一整套可满足居民生活需要的基层专业服务设施和管理机构，如供电房、绿地、健身设施、物业管理用房、数字监控系统以及停车位等。
停车位是指各种停车场所中可供一辆汽车停放的单元。和停车位相关的概念还有停车库、停车场。停车场是指在露天或者地下设置的，供各种机动车和非机动车停放的场所。停车库，一般是指设置于建筑物内部的具有封闭特征的设施。停车库与停车位不同的是:一方面，车库具有四至的封闭空间，其本身就是建筑物或建筑物的一部分，具有建筑物的一般特点;另一方面，停车位是基于一定的土地使用权而设置于路边、空地或地下，而停车库不是利用土地使用权的地表兴建的。因此，本文所讨论的停车位的归属，仅仅限于建筑物区分所有权制度中的车位。
停车位是服务全体建筑区分所有权人的重要设施，建筑物的专有部分离开了它功能就会大打折扣。在现代房产买卖中，小区是否有停车位和拥有停车位的多少已经成为衡量房地产价值的重要因素，小区的停车位配套越齐全、越合理，房产的市场吸引力就越大，价格就越高。小区停车位与建筑物区分所有权是密不可分的，车位是整个小区的有机组成部分，是建筑物区分所有制度中的重要财产，因而讨论其权属非常必要。
讨论停车位，必然要涉及停车场问题。停车位与停车场存在这样一种关系:停车位是组成停车场之最基本元素，各种形态各异的停车场所是由数量或多或少的停车位组成。也就是说，“停车位是各种停车场所的基本单元，而各种停车场所则是停车位的集合形式”[1]。现实生活中，存在很多类型的停车场所，而随着社会的发展，还会出现更多类型的停车场所。如果我们单纯地讨论某一种停车场所的法律问题，都可能存在偏颇。然而，只要把停车位的性质搞清楚，各种停车场所的法律问题也就迎刃而解，这就是本文从停车位角度而没有从各种具体的停车场所的角度作为研究出发点的原因。
（二）各国对停车位性质的不同认定
日本将停车场区分为屋内停车场和屋外停车厂, 认为屋外停车场属于共有基地上为特定区分所有权人或第三者设定的利用权, 此利用权属于共用部分的专有使用权;但是对于屋内停车场, 最初法院判决有认定专有部分, 有认定为共用部分, 但最高法院判决最终维持了专有部分意见, 其理由为: 停车场满足专有部分的两个要件, 即构造上的独立性与利用上的独立性。而日本学界认为, 由于建筑物一层或地下部分之容积率是不记入建筑物总面积的, 最高法院将地下停车位认定为专有部分的理由是不充分的, 故建议应当通过共用部分的专有使用权来进行处理。
美国的区分所有物业产权法规定, 小区内的任何设施, 只要不是专有部分, 就是共有部分, 反之亦然。小区内决不允许既不属于专有部分又不属于共有部分的“飞地”存在, 除了小区房屋单元的业主以外, 不允许任何他人在小区内拥有任何共用设施和配套设施。所以美国小区内的停车位都为共用部分, 业主或居住者享有停车权利, 不允许小区业主以外的任何他人拥有小区内停车位的产权, 也不允许物业小区内的停车位作为独立的专有部分单独买卖。
在大陆法系传统国家德国, 其民法典对停车位问题并没作出规定, 而是于 1973 年修订 《住宅所有权法》 时得到了明确, 该法的第 3 条第 2 项规定 “以持久性界标标明范围之停车场, 视为有独立性之房间” 。也就是说地上、 地下的停车场都可设 “专有所有权” 并能够独自让与、 设定负担。同样, 在另一个传统大陆法国家法国, 在其 1950 年的《都市计划法》 当中也规定了 “居住区域与停车区域得为分别的不动产” , 亦即将停车位视为建筑物区分所有当中的专有部分开, 开发商有义务为每个住户设计一停车空间,但停车场为独立不动产, 业主可以购买, 也可以不购买; 在有空闲时出售公司可以卖于外人。而在我国的台湾地区, 1991 年 4 月台湾 ‘内政部’ 营建署命令 “日后建筑物在地下室依法附建的防空避难室兼停车空间, 应视为 ‘公共设施’ , 不准登记为个人私有, 也不准分割零售”。该规定将停车位视作公共设施, 并依附于专有部分。
由此可见, 世界各国和地区对停车位问题看法不一,总体上均认为开发商负有向业主或物业使用人提供停车位的义务, 至于业主以何种方式取得这种停车位则有不同的安排。
（三）我国台湾地区停车位性质
在我国台湾地区，停车位数量根据建筑物楼层总面积按比例配置。台湾地区《建筑法》第102条规定，建筑物须有法定停车空间，具体由“辖市”、“县(市)”、“政府”拟定，再报请“内政部”核定。根据规定，建筑物停车位分为法定停车位、自行增设停车位及奖励增设停车位三种。其中，法定停车位是满足区分所有权人公共需要之必需设施，性质为区分所有建筑物的共用部分，依附于专有部分一体处分；第二种是自行增设停车位，指开发商超出法定义务额外增建的停车位，这类车位可设定为专有部分，由开发商出售或转让；第三种奖励停车位指因法定事由得到政府奖励容积而增建的停车位，此类停车位因单独计算容积而独立于建筑物，由开发商自行处分及收益，但在使用上必须为公众服务。
（四）我国住宅小区停车位的性质
我国讨论停车位的权属问题，首先要确定的是，停车位是否是“物”、能否成为所有权的客体?传统民法理论中，物是指客观存在于人身之外，能满足权利主体的利益需要，并能为权利主体所能支配和利用的物质实体。小区停车位作为区分所有建筑物的配套设施是客观存在的;其设置目的就是为了方便业主泊车使用，即能为权利主体所能支配和利用;每一个停车位均有固定的界限和标明的范围，能够从一般观念将彼此以及他物区别开来，可以被人支配与控制。因此，停车位显然具备“物”的各项基本特征，具备了法律上“物”的基本属性。
停车位属于小区的组成部分，与小区的主体一区分所有建筑物的关系密不可分，然而这种关系究竟属于何种性质?是独立的物与物关系还是从属关系?这是研究停车位权属问题必然要讨论的。在停车位与区分所有建筑物之间的关系上，梁慧星教授认为车位一般属于从建筑物，而房屋为主建筑物。陈华彬教授认为车位为附属建筑物，对区分所有建筑物具有从属关系[2]，也得出了停车位与区分所有建筑物为主物从物关系的结论。据此结论，根据主物转移，从物随之转移的原则，作为从物的小区停车位的法律权利就依附于作为主物的区分所有建筑物。
依法处分小区停车位要考虑到它与所依附的区分所有建筑物的关系，但并不能因此就推导出二者属于主从物关系。根据传统民法理论，主物和从物都是独立之物，需要结合起来才能发挥物之效用，而作用有主要和次要之分时，才被区分为主物和从物。主物是指与其他物结合使用时发挥主要效用的物，从物则是在结合使用时发挥配合、辅助、保护主物作用的物。据此理论，住宅小区停车位作为方便业主生活的辅助物，其脱离区分所有建筑物并不会影响它效用之发挥，还能照样发挥其泊车的功能。因此，住宅小区停车位和建筑物并非主从关系。停车位是具有相对独立的物，应当可以进行独立交易。然而，停车位是作为建筑物的配套设施而规划设计的，是为建筑物区分所有权人服务的。无论是理论还是实务上，停车位的权利行使在区分所有权制度中还要受到众多相关权利的影响和制约，使其不能像一个纯粹的民法上的“物”那样受到自由处分，在对停车位做出处分时还必须要考虑到它与其依附的建筑物之间的关系。
二、住在小区停车位的权属争议与《物权法》的缺陷
（一）《物权法》颁布实施之后就我国目前小区停车位权属争议的现状
《物权法》第74条明确规定了车位、车库的归属，即建筑区划内，规划用于停放汽车的车位、车库由当事人通过出售、附赠或者出租等方式约定;占用业主共有的道路或者其他场地用于停放汽车的车位归业主共有，但占用城镇公共道路或规划用于停车的地面车位属于例外。但是《物权法》正式实施后，关于住宅小区停车位的纠纷并没有停息，事实上，由于《物权法》中对停车位的部分问题没有作出具体规定，导致一些新争议还在产生。
1、房地产开发商通过改变处置车位的方式来赚取高额利润
国务院办公厅转发国家经委、经贸部、国家商检局关于加强出口商品质量管理工作意见的通知(附英文)
国务院办公厅转发国家经委、经贸部、国家商检局关于加强出口商品质量管理工作意见的通知(附英文)
国务院办公厅
国务院同意国家经委、经贸部、国家商检局《关于加强出口商品质量管理工作的意见》，现转发给你们，请结合实际情况，认真贯彻执行。
加强出口商品质量管理，是提高经济效益、增加出口创汇的关键。近年来，我国部分出口商品质量下降，不但造成经济损失，影响出口创汇，而且有损于国家信誉。各地区、各有关部门对此要给予高度重视，采取有力措施，尽快扭转这种状况，把出口商品质量搞上去。
关于加强出口商品质量管理工作的意见
一、清理和整顿出口商品的生产厂点
各地区、各部门要对所有生产出口商品的企业进行一次全面清理和整顿，择优定点。凡不具备质量保证的企业，不准生产出口商品。
重点清理、整顿出口商品质量管理较差、生产加工厂点过多、质量问题较多的行业。
二、加强出口商品生产企业的质量管理和检验工作
（一）在生产企业中，对出口商品的质量，厂长（经理）要全面负责。
（二）出口专业厂、出口生产基地和重要出口商品生产企业，可设总质量师。总质量师协助厂长全面负责产品质量的检验和管理工作，有权代表厂长停止不合格出口商品的生产和出厂。
（三）在重要出口商品生产企业，试行国家商检部门派驻质量监督员制度（简称驻厂员制度）。驻厂员代表国家对生产企业的出口商品质量和检验工作进行监督，有权对出口商品使用的原材料、零部件和成品进行检验、抽查或复验。驻厂员如发现出口商品不合格，有权停止出口商品出
厂，并可通知外贸经营单位不予收购。
（四）所有出口商品生产企业，都要推行全面质量管理，健全质量责任制，加强检验工作，制订严格的工艺规程和劳动纪律。尽快建立和完善出口商品生产企业的质量保证体系。
三、加强出口商品质量的监督和检验
（一）一切出口商品都必须经过检验。不合格的商品（包括包装不合格）不准出厂，外贸经营单位不得收购，商检部门不予出证放行。
（二）逐步充实商检部门的力量，完善出口商品检验手段。
（三）商检部门要会同有关主管部门加快对重要出口商品发放出口商品质量许可证的工作。凡是实行出口商品质量许可证的商品，未取得出口商品质量许可证的，经贸主管部门不能签发出口许可证。
（四）经贸主管部门要加强对外贸经营单位的监督、检查，督促外贸经营单位加强质量管理工作，健全验收制度，增强验收力量，切实做到择优安排出口生产，择优收购商品，坚持质量第一、以质取胜的经营方针。凡不具备外贸经营条件的单位，经贸主管部门有权取消其外贸经营资格
，并通知工商行政管理部门吊销其营业执照。严禁违反国家规定，通过非正常渠道或采取不正当手段出口商品。
四、要把提高出口商品质量，作为企业技术进步工作的重点
各地区、各部门要根据外贸出口的战略需要，以提高产品质量、增加创汇为重点，调整技术进步的投资结构和方向，将出口商品的重点生产企业、专业厂与生产基地的技术改造、科技攻关、技术引进、测试检验、扩大生产、降低消耗等各方面的措施衔接起来。大力改善出口商品仓储条
件，减少商品的污染和损坏。
五、明确出口商品的质量责任
为了保证出口商品的质量，各有关单位和部门都要有明确的责任和制度。出口商品因质量问题造成经济损失或产生不良影响时，必须分清生产加工企业、外贸经营单位、仓储运输单位、商检部门和其他有关部门的责任。凡属渎职、失职造成的质量事故，要追究责任者和有关领导者的责
任，并严肃处理。
六、进一步改善出口商品的包装
中国包装进出口总公司要会同中国包装总公司，进一步研究制订改进出口商品包装的方案、计划和措施。当前要解决好出口食品、饮料、烟叶、罐头、五金、机械、陶瓷、纺织品、服装、棉花和危险品的包装，协调落实包装生产厂点和原材料供应，健全包装质量标准，加强质量管理、
检验和监督工作。
七、加强出口商品的标准化工作，改善口岸的计量条件
（一）标准、商检和经贸部门要会同各主管部门，加快制定和修订出口商品标准及出口检验标准。
（二）运输主管部门要会同商检和计量部门共同研究提出改进口岸计量条件的方案，纳入运输主管部门和有关地区技术改造规划，三年内基本改善口岸计量条件。
八、加强出口商品商标和出口专利产品的管理
（一）对名牌出口商品商标的使用，经贸和工商行政管理部门要共同进行一次清理整顿，加强管理，保护名牌出口商品。
（二）未经上级主管机关批准或专利权人同意，生产企业和外贸经营单位不得生产和经营出口专利产品。
（三）对国内外假冒我国出口商品商标、仿制我出口专利产品和伪造我商检证书的侵权、违法行为，要坚决查处、及时起诉，维护企业和我国的合法权益。
上述意见，如无不妥，请批转各地区、各部门贯彻执行。(附英文)
CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON THE TRAN-SMISSION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS SUBMITTED BY THE STATE ECONOMIC COM-MISSION, THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THESTATE BUREAU OF IMPORT AND
EXPORT COMMODITIES INSPECTION CONCERNING THESTRENGTHENIN
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON THE TRAN-
SMISSION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS SUBMITTED BY THE STATE ECONOMIC COM-
MISSION, THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THE
STATE BUREAU OF IMPORT AND EXPORT COMMODITIES INSPECTION CONCERNING THE
STRENGTHENING OF QUALITY CONTROL OF EXPORT COMMODITIES
(April 29, 1987)
The State Council has accepted The Recommendations Concerning the
Strengthening of Quality Control of Export Commodities, submitted by the
State Economic Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade, and the State Bureau of Import and Export Commodities Inspection.
The Recommendations are hereby transmitted to you, and you are requested
to implement them conscientiously in light of the actual conditions in
your spheres of activities.
The strengthening of quality control of export commodities is the key to
increasing economic returns as well as foreign exchange earnings. In
recent years, the quality of some of our country's export commodities has
shown a decline, which has not only caused economic losses and affected
foreign exchange earnings by exports, but also marred the reputation of
our country. All the localities and departments concerned shall give the
amplest attention to this state of affairs, take effective measures to
remedy it quickly so as to upgrade the quality of our export commodities.
RECOMMENDATIONS SUBMITTED BY THE STATE ECONOMIC COMMISSION, THE MINISTRY
OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THE STATE BUREAU OF IMPORT
AND EXPORT COMMODITIES INSPECTION CONCERNING THE STRENGTHENING OF QUALITY
CONTROL OF EXPORT COMMODITIES
(Extracts)
In recent years, the quality of some of our country's export commodities
has shown a decline, which has not only caused economic losses and had an
unfavourable impact on the foreign exchange earnings by exports, but also
marred the reputation of our country. In order to rapidly remedy this
situation and to strengthen quality control of our export commodities, we
hereby submit, on the basis of the investigations and studies of the
aforesaid situation and the opinions solicited from all localities and
departments concerned, the following recommendations:
I. Checking up and Rectifying Factories to be Designated as Export
Commodities Manufacturers
All the localities and departments concerned must carry out an all-round
checking-up on, and rectification of, all the enterprises that are
manufacturing export commodities and then designate from among them the
most outstanding ones as manufacturers of commodities for export. Those
enterprises found to be lacking the conditions for guaranteeing the
quality of their products shall not be permitted to manufacture
commodities for export. The State Economic Commission, the Ministry of
Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, and the State Bureau of Import and
Export Commodities Inspection shall jointly be responsible for the
checking-up and rectification in conjunction with other competent organs
concerned. The checking-up and rectification shall be focused on those
industries whose quality control over export commodities is comparatively
poor, whose number of factories designated for producing and processing
export commodities is too large, and whose quality problems are numerous.
II. Strengthening the Quality Control and Inspection Work in Enterprises
Producing Export Commodities
(1) In production enterprises, the factory director (the manager) shall
take overall responsibility for quality of export commodities.
(2) In factories specially engaged in the production of export
commodities, the production bases of export commodities, and the
enterprises producing import and export commodities, the post of chief
quality controller may be set up. The chief quality controller shall
assist the factory director in taking the overall responsibility for
inspecting and controlling the quality of products, for implementing the
Regulations on the Responsibility for Quality Control of Industrial
Products, for organizing the formulation and implementation of the rules
for reward and penalty relating to the quality of products, and for making
the decision, on behalf of the factory director, to stop the production
and delivery out of the factory of sub-standard export commodities.
(3) In enterprises producing important export commodities, the system of
having a resident quality supervisor stationed in the enterprise and sent
by the State commodities inspection department (referred to, for short, as
"the resident supervisor system") shall be implemented on a trial basis.
The resident supervisor shall, in the name of the State, exercise
supervision over the quality and inspection of the production enterprise's
export commodities, and have the right to inspect, to spot check, or to
re-inspect the finished products, or the raw and processed materials, or
spare parts and components, used in manufacturing export commodities. In
case where the resident supervisor discovers that the export commodities
are not up to the standard, he/she has the right to stop the delivery out
of the factory of the export commodities, and may ask the foreign trade
corporations not to purchase the said export commodities. The production
enterprise shall provide the resident supervisor with working conditions,
the data of quality, and relevant technical documents for carrying out
quality inspection; and it shall also inspect, spot check, or re-inspect
its products, as required by the resident supervisor. The resident
supervisors shall be personnel of the State commodities inspection
departments, and their salaries, bonuses and welfare benefits shall all be
borne by the sending department so that no direct economic connections
shall exist between the resident supervisors and the production
enterprise.
(4) All the production enterprises manufacturing export commodities shall
implement an all-round quality control, strengthen and perfect the quality
responsibility system, strengthen inspection work, and work out strict
technological processes and labour discipline. The factory director shall
appoint a person who has technical know-how, experience and strong sense
of responsibility, as head of the inspection department, and this
appointment shall be reported to the authorities in charge of the
enterprise for the record. No department or individual within the
enterprise shall be permitted to interfere with the work conducted by the
inspection department, and its independence in performing its functions
shall be guaranteed. It is imperative to establish and perfect, as soon as
possible, the quality guarantee system in enterprises producing export
commodities.
III. Strengthening the Supervision and Inspection of the Quality of Export
Commodities
All export commodities must undergo the process of inspection. Commodities
that are not up to the standard (including those whose packaging is not up
to the standard) shall not be permitted to leave the factory; the foreign
trade corporations shall not be permitted to purchase such commodities;
and the commodities inspection department shall not issue export licence
and grant clearance.
The working contingent of the commodities inspection department shall be
reinforced gradually, and the means of inspection of export commodities be
perfected. The commodities inspection department shall, in conjunction
with the competent authorities concerned, speed up the work for issuing
quality licenses for important export commodities. With respect to those
commodities to which the system of quality licence for export commodities
applies, the competent authorities for foreign economic relations and
trade shall not issue for them export licences before they have obtained
quality licenses for export commodities.
The competent authorities for foreign economic relations and trade shall
strengthen their supervision over and inspection of foreign trade
corporations, and urge them to strengthen the work of quality control, to
improve examination-and-acceptance system, and reinforce the working
personnel for the system, to strive to do a good job in selecting
outstanding factories to manufacture commodities for export, to purchase
commodities from the factories that produce quality products, and to
adhere to the principle of "placing quality first, and winning over the
customers by offering them quality products". The competent authorities
for foreign economic relations and trade shall have the right to
disqualify those units which do not have the qualifications for doing
foreign trade business, and ask the administrative department for industry
and commerce to revoke their business licences. The exportation of
commodities through irregular channels or by using crooked means by
violation of the State provisions shall be strictly prohibited.
IV. Taking the Improvement of the Quality of Export Commodities as the
Focus of the Work of Technical Advancement
All the localities and departments shall, in accordance with the
requirements of the strategy of export and foreign trade, make adjustment
in the structure and the orientation of investment for technical
advancement, and link up the various measures adopted for technical
transformation, the tackling of difficult problems (in science and
technology), the importation of technology, testing and inspection, the
expansion of production, and the reduction in consumption of raw materials
and energy, at the key production enterprises, specialized factories, and
production bases for the manufacture of export commodities by taking the
improvement of the quality of products and the increases in foreign
exchange earnings as the focal point. Strenuous efforts shall be devoted
to the improvement of the warehousing and storage conditions for export
commodities, so as to reduce or eliminate the contamination of or damages
to export commodities.
V. Clearly Defining the Responsibility for the Quality of Export
Commodities
In order to guarantee the quality of export commodities, all units and
departments concerned must have both a clear-out definition of the job
responsibility and rules. If the poor quality of some export commodities
has resulted in economic losses or made a negative reflection on China's
reputation, it is imperative to check up on the responsibilities to be
borne by the production and processing enterprises, the foreign trade
corporations, the warehousing and storage units, the department for
commodities inspection, or other departments concerned. Cases of quality
problem caused by dereliction or neglect of one's duty shall be looked
into, and the person in charge as well as the leading personnel involved
shall be held responsible and be dealt with in all seriousness.
VI. Further Improving the Packing of Export Commodities
The China National Packing Import and Export Company shall, in cooperation
with the China National Packing Corporation, conduct further studies on,
and work out programs and measures for the improvement of the packing of
export commodities. Each year, efforts must be made to improve the packing
of certain categories of export commodities. At present, it is imperative
to improve the packing of foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco leaves, canned
foods, hardware, machinery, ceramics, textiles, garments, cotton, and
dangerous articles. The two companies shall coordinate the supply-and-
demand relationship between packing factories and packing material
suppliers, perfect the packing standards, and strengthen the work of
quality control, inspection and supervision.
VII. Strengthening the Standardization of Export Commodities, and
Improving the Conditions for Conducting Measurement at Ports
(1) The authorities of standardization of commodities inspection, and of
foreign economic relations and trade shall, in cooperation with various
competent organs, speed up the formulation and revision of the standards
for export commodities and inspection criteria.
(2) The competent authorities of transportation shall, in cooperation with
the authorities of commodities inspection and metrological authorities,
submit a plan to improve metrological conditions at ports and incorporate
it into the program for technological transformation of the competent
authorities of transportation and the interested localities so as to
improve basically the metrological conditions at ports within 3 years.
VIII. Strengthening the Administration of Trademarks of Export Commodities
and Patented Products
With respect to the use of trademarks for export commodities of famous
brands, the authorities of foreign economic relations and trade and the
administrative departments for industry and commerce shall jointly conduct
a checking-up and rectification campaign to strengthen the administration
and protect export commodities of famous brands. Without the approval of
the competent authorities at a higher level or without the consent of the
patentee, no production enterprises and foreign trade corporations may
produce patented products for export and engage in export of such
products. Cases occurring either at home or abroad of infringements or
illegal acts such as counterfeiting the trademarks of our export
commodities, imitating the patented commodities we export or forging our
export commodities inspection certificates shall be resolutely
investigated and dealt with, and the offenders shall even be prosecuted in
time so as to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of the enterprises
as well as of the State.
If no inappropriateness is found in the recommendations submitted above,
we request that they be approved and transmitted to all the localities and
departments for implementation.
1987年4月29日
